HONOR THE THREE L’S-LENIN,
LUXEMBURG, LIEBKNECHT
Every January leftists honor
three revolutionaries who died in that month, V.I. Lenin of Russia in 1924,
Karl Liebknecht of Germany and Rosa Luxemburg of Poland in 1919 murdered after
leading the defeated Spartacist uprising in Berlin. I made my political points about the heroic
Karl Liebknecht and his parliamentary fight against the German war budget in
World War I in this space earlier (see review in April 2006 archives). I made
some special points here last year about the life of Rosa Luxemburg (see review
in January 2006 archives). This year it is appropriate, at a time when the
young needs to find a few good heroes, to highlight the early struggles of
Vladimir Lenin, the third L, to define himself politically. Probably the best
way to do that is to look at Lenin’s experiences through the prism of his
fellow revolutionary, early political opponent and eventual co-leader of the
Bolshevik Revolution Leon Trotsky.
A Look At The Young Lenin By A
Fellow Revolutionary
The Young Lenin, Leon Trotsky,
Doubleday and Co., New York, 1972
The now slightly receding
figure of the 20th century Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin
founder and leader of the Bolshevik Party and guiding light of the October 1917
Russian Revolution and the first attempt
at creating a socialist society has been the subject to many biographies. Some of
those efforts undertaken during the time of the former Soviet government
dismantled in 1991-92, especially under the Stalin regime, bordered on or were
merely the hagiographic. Others, reflecting the ups and downs of the post World
War II Cold War, painted an obscene diabolical picture, excluding Lenin’s horns,
and in some cases not even attempting to exclude those. In virtually all cases
these effort centered on Lenin’s life from the period of the rise of the
Bolshevik Social Democratic faction in 1903 until his early death in 1924. In
short, the early formative period of his life in the backwaters of provincial
Russia rate a gloss over. Lenin’s fellow revolutionary Leon Trotsky, although
some ten years younger than him, tries to trace that early stage of his life in
order to draw certain lessons. It is in that context that Trotsky’s work
contains some important insights about the development of revolutionary figures
and their beginnings.
Although Trotsky’s little
work, originally intended to be part of a full biography of Lenin, never served
its purpose of educating the youth during his lifetime and the story of it discovery
is rather interesting one should note that this is neither a scholarly work in
the traditional sense nor is it completely free from certain fawning over Lenin
by Trotsky. Part of this was determined by the vicissitudes of the furious
Trotsky-Stalin fights for the soul of the Russian Revolution as Trotsky tried
to uncover the layers of misinformation about Lenin’s early life. Part of it
resulted from Trotsky’s status of junior partner to Lenin and also to his late
coming over to Bolshevism. And part of it is, frankly, to indirectly contrast
Lenin’s and his own road to Marxism. That said, this partial biography stands
up very well as an analysis of the times that the young Lenin lived in, the
events that affected his development and the idiosyncrasies of his own
personality that drove him toward revolutionary conclusions. In short,
Trotsky’s work is a case study in the proposition that revolutionaries are made
not born.
To a greater extent than
would be true today in a celebrity-conscious world many parts of Lenin’s early
life are just not verifiable. Partially that is due to the nature of record
keeping in the Russia of the 19th century. Partially it is because
of the necessity to rely on not always reliable police records. Another part is that the average youth, and
here Lenin was in some ways no exception, really have a limited noteworthy
record to present for public inspection. That despite the best efforts of
Soviet hagiography to make it other wise. Nevertheless Trotsky does an
admirable job of detailing the high and low lights of agrarian Russian society
and the vagaries of the land question in the second half of the 19th
century. One should note that Trotsky grew up on a Ukrainian farm and therefore
is no stranger to many of the same kind of problems that Lenin had to work
through concerning the solution to the agrarian crisis, the peasant question. Most
notably, is that the fight for the Russian revolution that every one knew was
coming could only be worked out through the fight for influence over the small
industrial working class and socialism.
I would note that for the modern young reader that two things Trotsky analyzes are relevant. The first is the relationship between Lenin and his older brother Alexander who, when he became politicized, joined a remnant of the populist People’s Will terrorist organization and attempted to asassinate the Tsar. For his efforts he and his co-conspirators were hanged. I have always been intrigued by the effect that this event had on Lenin’s development. On the one hand, as a budding young intellectual, would Lenin have attempted to avenge his brother’s fate with his same revolutionary intellectual political program? Or would Lenin go another way to intersect the coming revolutionary either through its agrarian component or the budding Marxist Social Democratic element? We know the answer but Trotsky provides a nicely reasoned analysis of the various influences that were at work in the young Lenin. That alone is worth the price of admission here.
The other point I have
already alluded to above. Revolutionaries are made not born, although particular
life circumstances may create certain more favorable conditions. Soviet
historians in their voluntarist hay day tried to make of Lenin a superhuman
phenomenon- a fully formed Marxist intellectual from his early youth. Trotsky
once again distills the essence of Lenin’s struggle to make sense of the world,
the Russian world in the first instance, as he tries to find a way out the
Russian political impasse. Trotsky’s work only goes up to 1892-93, the Samara
period, the period before Lenin took off for Petersburg and greener pastures.
He left Samara a fully committed Marxist but it would be many years, with many
polemics and by using many political techniques before he himself became a
Bolshevik, as we know it. And that, young friends, is a cautionary tale that
can be taken into the 21st century. Read on.
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